Top 10 classic herbicides used in USA
1- Glyphosate
Glyphosate
revolutionized weed control when this nonselective herbicide was teamed up with
the Roundup Ready trait.
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)
glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used
to kill weeds,
especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses known to compete with crops grown
widely across the Midwest of the United States U.S. USA
Exact figures
are hard to come by because the U.S. Department of Agriculture stopped updating
its pesticide use database in 2008.The EPA estimates that in the US during
2007, the agricultural market used 180 to 185 million pounds (82,000 to 84,000
tonnes) of glyphosate, the home and garden market used 5 to 8 million pounds
(2,300 to 3,600 tonnes), and industry, commerce and government used 13 to 15
million pounds (5,900 to 6,800 tonnes), according to its Pesticide Industry
Sales & Usage Report for 2006-2007 published in February, 2011. While
glyphosate has been associated with deformities in a host of laboratory
animals, its impact on humans remains unclear.
Glyphosate's mode of action is to inhibit an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids: tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine.
It is absorbed through foliage and translocated to growing points. Because of
this mode of action, it is only effective on actively growing plants; it is not
effective as a pre-emergence
herbicide.
Some crops have been genetically
engineered to be resistant to it
(i.e. Roundup Ready, also
created by Monsanto Company). Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a
post-emergence herbicide against both broadleaf and cereal weeds, but the
development of similar resistance in some weed species is emerging as a costly
problem. Soy was the first Roundup
Ready crop.
2- Atrazine
Atrazine is a
part of most weed control programs in corn today in USA
Atrazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine,
an organic compound consisting
of an s-triazine-ring is a widely used herbicide. Its use is controversial due to widespread contamination
in drinking water and its associations with birth defects and menstrual
problems when consumed by humans at concentrations below government standards. Although
it has been banned in the European
Union, it is still one of the most widely used
herbicides in the world.
3- 2,4-D
2,4-D is more
than 60 years old and still controls most major weed problems in corn. It also
is versatile for use in soybeans as an early preplant application.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
is a common systemic pesticide/herbicide used
in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the
world, and the third most commonly used in North America .
2,4-D is a synthetic auxin (plant
hormone), and as such it is often used in laboratories for plant research and
as a supplement in plant cell culture media
such as MS
medium. It was a major ingredient in Agent Orange.
2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team
at Rothamsted Experimental
Station, under the leadership of Judah
Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war. When it was
commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective
herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crops, because it only kills dicots (broadleaf plants) , leaving behind monocots (grasses).
4- Dicamba
Dicamba was
introduced in the late 1960s and remains a versatile corn herbicide.
Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic
acid) is an herbicide.
Brand names for formulations of this herbicide include Banvel, Oracle and Vanquish. This chemical compound is an
organochloride and
a derivative of benzoic
acid.
Dicamba controls annual and perennial rose weeds
in grain crops and highlands, and it is used to control brush and bracken in
pastures, as well as legumes and cacti.
It kills broadleaf weeds before and after they sprout. In combination with a phenoxy
herbicide or
with other herbicides, dicamba is used in pastures, range land, and noncrop
areas (fence rows, roadways, and wastage) to control weeds. Dicamba is toxic to conifer species
but is in general less toxic to grasses.
Dicamba functions by increasing plant growth rate.
At sufficient concentrations, the plant outgrows its nutrient supplies and dies.
5- Prowl
Prowl
(pendimethalin) continues to be a good product for control of annual grasses
and small-seeded annual broadleaf weeds in corn and soybeans.
Prowl is an
excellent herbicide in rice, but it can cause some root pruning.
6- Liberty
With LIBERTY LIBERTY
Faster weed
kill: Allows corn to grow through post-application.
Freedom from
crop injury: Built-in ability to shrug off LIBERTY
7- Pursuit
Pursuit is one
of the first herbicides growers relied on for total post weed control programs.
It garnered significant market share in soybeans.
Weeds have
been reducing growers' yields for long enough - that's why there's Pursuit® Plus herbicide for soybeans. Pursuit Plus takes control of more than 45 yield-robbing
broadleaf weeds and grasses, including nightshade, foxtail and velvetleaf.
8- Basagran
Basagran was
one of the first post-planting selective herbicides for soybeans. It provided
control of many difficult annual broadleaf weeds.
Basagran
Herbicide is a selective post-emergence herbicide for the control of Broadleaf
Weeds, Annual Sedges, and Yellow Nutsedge in established turf.
9- Dual
Dual and Lasso
were mainstays in the mid to late 1970s. They allowed farmers to apply residual
herbicides without significant tillage, which gave rise to the conservation
tillage movement. These and other similar products still provide excellent
control of annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in corn and
soybeans.
Metolachlor
(Dual*) is in the acetamide, chloracetamide, or acetanilide chemical family of
herbicides. Dual is very closely related chemically to Antor* (diethatyl) that
was previously registered for use in spinach. Other related herbicides in the
family of acetamides include Lasso* (alachlor), Frontier* (dimethenamid),
Ramrod* (propachlor), and Harness* or Surpass* (acetachlor). Dual and its
related herbicides have been used extensively in the midwestern states for corn
and soybean weed control and have been very limited in uses for vegetable crops
in the west. (*Product names mentioned are registered trademarks.).
10- Treflan
Treflan was one of the first DNA herbicides commercially
available. It was a dominant soybean product for many years and gave rise to
the commercial development of several other DNA herbicides, including Tolban,
Cobex, Sonalan, Prowl, Basalin, and Endurance.
Treflan is
usually applied as a liquid spray. For large farms, the herbicide is usually
sprayed on with a tractor, or even by plane.
For a smaller
garden, the herbicide can be sprayed with a garden pressure sprayer. The
herbicide is placed over the ground after seeds have been planted, but before
they have broken through to the surface of the soil. This allows the herbicide
to penetrate inside the soil and prevent weeds from emerging.
References:
2-2 4 D Herbicide Label,
Herbicide Roundup,
Lawn Weed Killer,
Roundup Weed Killer,
Pre Emergent Herbicide,
Dowagro: Treflan Herb
5-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate {and
more herbicides}.
6-Top 10 classic herbicides- http://farmindustrynews.com/author/mark-moore
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